This study investigates paleoenvironmental changes during the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) at Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 511 (South Atlantic), as inferred from lipid biomarker (long-chain diols, alkenones) and calcareous nannofossil accumulation rates, as well as changes in sedimentation regime (Le. relative contributions of total organic carbon-TOC-, calcium carbonate, and biogenic silica). Sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) reconstructed from the alkenone unsaturation index U(K')37 indicate a progressive but significant cooling (similar to 8 degrees C) from 34.5 Ma to 33.6 Ma, consistent with estimates derived from other temperature proxies (TEX86; delta O-18) at the same site and for the same time interval. This cooling is associated with a marked increase in primary productivity, as indicated by high accumulation rates of biogenic silica, TOC, alkenones, long-chain diols, and calcareous nannofossils. Together, these results are consistent with an enhancement of upwelling conditions favorable to the development of siliceous organisms at DSDP Site 511, possibly induced by the Oi-1 glaciation in Antarctica that occurred during this period. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.