%0 Journal Article %T Mitochondrial genomes reveal the extinct Hippidion as an outgroup to all living equids %+ Section for GeoGenetics %+ National High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Centre %+ Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA) %+ Faculty of Humanities %+ Departamento de Paleobiología %+ Centro de Estudios del Hombre Austral %+ Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueologicas y Museo Gustavo Le Paige %+ Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas y Paleontológicas del Cuaternario Pampeano [Olavarría] (INCUAPA) %+ Campus Puerto Natales %+ Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) %+ Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS) %A Der Sarkissian, Clio %A Vilstrup, Julia %A Schubert, Mikkel %A Seguin-Orlando, Andaine %A Eme, David %A Weinstock, Jacobo %A Alberdi, Maria Teresa %A Martin, Fabiana %A Lopez, Patricio %A Prado, Jose L. %A Prieto, Alfredo %A Douady, Christophe Jean %A Stafford, Tom %A Willerslev, Eske %A Orlando, Ludovic %< avec comité de lecture %@ 1744-9561 %J Biology Letters %I Royal Society, The %V 11 %N 20141058 %P 1-5 %8 2015 %D 2015 %R 10.1098/rsbl.2014.1058 %K Ancient DNA %K Hippidion %K mitochondrial genomes %K Great American Biotic Interchange %Z Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and EcologyJournal articles %X Hippidions were equids with very distinctive anatomical features. They lived in South America 2.5 million years ago (Ma) until their extinction approxima- tely 10 000 years ago. The evolutionary origin of the three known Hippidion morphospecies is still disputed. Based on palaeontological data, Hippidion could have diverged from the lineage leading to modern equids before 10 Ma. In contrast, a much later divergence date, with Hippidion nesting within modern equids, was indicated by partial ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences. Here, we characterized eight Hippidion complete mitochondrial genomes at 3.4–386.3-fold coverage using target-enrichment capture and next-generation sequencing. Our dataset reveals that the two morphospecies sequenced (H. saldiasi and H. principale) formed a monophyletic clade, basal to extant and extinct Equus lineages. This contrasts with previous genetic analyses and supports Hippidion as a distinct genus, in agreement with palaeontological models. We date the Hippi- dion split from Equus at 5.6–6.5 Ma, suggesting an early divergence in North America prior to the colonization of South America, after the formation of the Panamanian Isthmus 3.5 Ma and the Great American Biotic Interchange. %G English %L hal-01323150 %U https://sde.hal.science/hal-01323150 %~ SDE %~ UNIV-TLSE3 %~ CNRS %~ UNIV-LYON1 %~ ENTPE %~ GIP-BE %~ BIOENVIS %~ UDL %~ UNIV-LYON %~ LEHNA %~ UNIV-UT3 %~ UT3-INP %~ UT3-TOULOUSEINP %~ CAGT